1/16/18
Yoga Darsana verse 1
That which always unites
and also gets united with cidatma,
which is in the form of restraining mind,
that is praised as yoga.
Nataraja Guru’s translation:
That which always
unites the mind
With the Self that is
consciousness in essence,
and also gets united
with it
And which is of the
form of restraint,
That
is praised as Yoga.
Possibly
the most critical and informative of all Nitya’s elucidations of the hundred
verses of Darsanamala, this verse lit up our evening together. We have worked
diligently to be prepared for it, and now the Guru feels confident in sharing
some of the practical secrets of yoga with us. Happily, the best model of yoga
is playfulness. Nitya is categorical about this: “Sport is called lila. This is the best model
of
yoga.” He elaborates:
Games are played in freedom.
There is no obligation to play. It is in freedom that one resolves to enter
into a game of one’s own choice. The choice is so suitable to the players that
they see in it a promise of feeding into them and feeding out of them a
circulatory happiness. They set the rules of the game for themselves and other
willing partners. In all cases the rules are framed by consensus. The rules of
a game prescribe how to commence, how to proceed to the goal, what one’s
precise role is, what are the modes of correct relationship and reaction; and
when one errs, how to rectify the error and what penalty is to be imposed for
the deception; and, finally, how to bring the game to its graceful close. When
it is terminated, it is terminated forever.
We all realized Nitya is presenting an idealized version of
games, and not everyone plays them so impeccably. As far as we know, Nitya
never played any sports. Karen wondered about whether he might have in his
childhood, but there were no organized sports where he lived. There was a pack
of kids to run around with, or he would take off his pants and wander into the
nearby jungle alone to be absorbed in its embraces.
Anything
can be a kind of play, depending on how you do it. Absorption in an activity
brings about a natural concentering of the mind, and concentration is the
essence of interest, the way we are captured and completely involved in our
games:
What is beautiful about a game is that
the mind
goes into concentration. From the very first moment of the game’s commencement
to the final second, there is such a union of ends and means that the goal is
not to achieve anything other than bringing the game to a close. Success and
failure are juxtaposed, and all participants in the game know that these
relative possibilities are to be transcended. All parties who come to the field
begin the game in loving comradeship and close it with a benign handshake to
the victor in congratulation and the victor’s embrace of the comrade who lost
the game in gratitude for their earnest participation.
Again, a rather ideal picture, isn’t it? When large sums of
money are involved with sports, it can become viciously competitive, and
“sportsmanship” may become less genuine. That kind of concentration is remotely
displaced from the core of a person’s being. Karen remembered a college
football game where the spectators were far from sportsmanlike. Football coach
Vince Lombardi famously said, “Show me a good loser and I'll show you a loser.”
Playing for pay steers you away from Christ’s “For what shall it profit a man,
if he shall gain the whole world, and lose
his own soul?” But we are not making our living financially as yogis, we are
only trying to come to life, to wake up from our somnolence. Nitya makes a
connection that Michael in particular might appreciate: “Concentration, when it is simple, spontaneous,
total, and not rebounding in reaction, is called the equipoise of the reasoning
self.” Michael is a big admirer of equipoise. Are you?
In
case we haven’t drawn any comparison between games and our life, the Guru takes
us there himself:
The game spoken of above is an outward
performance, a yoga or union of the performance of a team. Although this is an
excellent diversion to keep both the body and mind well exercised, there is
another game which is many times more meaningful and rewarding. The attitude is
the same, i.e. of playing games with one’s own faculties and the environments
of the given world. In this game the field is not spatially delimited like a
tennis court or football field. It is rather the field of the knower, the field
of the actor, the field of the enjoyer.
So the whole world is the “court” for the game we play, and
it lasts for a lifetime. We play it as a knower, an actor and an enjoyer. We
will score many points and have many scored against us. We invariably make
mistakes and draw penalties, as will everyone else we rub up against. Ideally
the penalties will be commensurate with the violations, though in actuality
they tend to be much harsher than necessary, both the self-administered and the
culturally imposed varieties. Mistakes make for transient ups and downs, but
the game isn’t over until it’s really Over. And the only kind of final scoring
is how much happiness we are able to experience while playing. No outward
accumulation matters unless it fosters happiness. I have included an uplifting
excerpt from That Alone in Part II
relating to this, a confession I wasn’t able to work into the actual class. In
it Nitya talks about how we mistake our happiness as being delivered by
externals, though they don’t really satisfy what we are hoping they will.
Playing
for realization instead of playing to win is such a crucial reframing of our
socialized attitudes! Here’s what Nitya says about it in the verse:
A game is a game only when the
knower, with full conscience and deliberation, performs their role to promote
in full their truest happiness. In such an act, the knower, the performer, and
the enjoyer are all fused into the identification of one and the same person.
Such a person is fully conversant with the possibilities of the field, its
hierarchy of probabilities, and the sequential order in which actualization is
to be attempted.
Nitya isn’t talking about knowing the rules of things like
capital investment or political manipulation. He advocates becoming conversant
with our intrinsic nature and allowing it a full range of expression—to know
our Self first, and use that knowledge to bring light to the darkness. What a
great game that is! Rewarding to all, though not necessarily in monetary terms.
Show Nitya a good loser and he’ll see a winner, in the best sense.
Part
of the rules is that horizontal involvement tends toward being an impediment to
a full range of expression. Expression is initiated in the vertical essence of
our being, and is best when not overly diluted.
Deb
thought the means allowing the world to be, yet not feeding the illusion. A
tall order! But yes, we are inclined to try to “fix” everything; it’s how we
were raised. By now we should have learned that partly fixing often just adds
more disruption. And, if we are more accepting, Deb mused, perhaps there
wouldn’t be so much to fix in the first place. I added it meant not allowing
yourself to be manipulated by the world so much. We don’t have to always rise
to the bait.
I
sometimes sit and ask myself what I’m intrigued by, and what is it that I keep
doing even though it’s getting me nowhere? Not necessarily about the broad
themes of my life but in terms of habitual ways of seeing and interacting? And
sometimes I can let go of what I see as unnecessary. But it doesn’t go away
without the contemplation.
This
is something that resonated well with Jan, and she has had a recent success,
though she was reluctant to share the actual facts. She was talking with her
grown daughter about certain impulsive behaviors she was once famous for in her
family. Her daughter agreed that Jan had stopped doing them. Being approved of
by her daughter added a plum to the good feelings Jan already was having from
resisting a habitual impulse. I guess we’ll never know what it was, sadly….
Paul
recalled a humorous road sign a teacher once told him about, posted at the
beginning of a deeply rutted dirt road in the Alaskan outback : “Choose your
ruts wisely, because you will be in them a long time.” Don’t we wish we had had
such a sign when we eased into our own personal ruts, back in the day? But it’s
surely true, and we should readily admit, that we are stuck in rutted ways of
relating that get us into trouble sooner or later. Can we upgrade our choices?
It’s not so easy, but it is possible.
Jan
is now recognizing that this upgrading can be a joyful experience. Somehow our
egos portray it as scary and dubious, but once you get to doing it, it is very
freeing, which is fun!
If
we concentrate on how we are perceiving and influencing the world, we can begin
to see all the ways we are diverted from maintaining balance and focus. The
more we let those diversions go, the more artistic our performance will be.
Bill’s sport is golf, and he has learned to put all stray thoughts out of the
way, at least for the instant he is hitting the ball. Every miniscule
impediment causes the ball to fly off course. And of course we can see that
effect in many types of performance, artistic as well as athletic. Deb
mentioned one of her skills, calligraphy. One extraneous thought and blip! a
stray mark on the scroll. Paul spoke up for music, and Karen for
ice-skating—one misplaced thought and crash! And unlike football skaters don’t
get to wear any padding.
Susan
used a sports metaphor to her advantage when dealing with her son growing up.
Some mornings he would come to breakfast in a bad mood. She visualized him as
hitting a tennis ball at her, and she would dutifully “pick up her racket” and
blast one back at him. Pretty soon they were whacking furiously at each other.
Then she realized she didn’t have to always play on his terms, so she didn’t
pick up the racket. The mornings when he didn’t have a competitor, his upset
mood would dissipate and pretty soon they would be having an amiable meal
together.
This
resonated with Paul, who could see how his own mother had been hitting balls at
him for his entire life, and he would always be drawn right into the game. It
makes him sad, but one of those pesky vasanas makes him do it, time after time.
Maybe it’s about to change soon…. He remembered Nitya’s advice to Deb that some
day she may no longer feel the need to defend herself so strongly. Returning the
ball puts you on defense every time.
Deb
amplified Paul’s idea in favor of a generosity of spirit where you let the
other win, and not by just withdrawing, but by allowing yourself to lose.
Losing is something the ego wants to avoid at all cost, so learning how to be a
loser is an ideal discipline for the ego. Deb may have been recalling the end
of verse 59 of That Alone (there is a
longer excerpt in Part II):
When I first came to my Guru, I
had plenty of trouble with people, with my fellow disciples. Guru called me and
said, “I shall give you a secret: allow the other to be victorious. If somebody
fights you, let you be the vanquished and not the victor.” I found there is
nothing more helpful than this, to be vanquished and not to become victorious.
Just say, “You have the upper hand. Let all the glory be yours. I shall lie in
the dust.” It is very difficult, but it works. You don’t make any claim. You
don’t indulge in any feelings of martyrdom. You just give up.
There
is a place for losing, and also a place for not being pulled into someone’s
black hole. I repeated my favorite story attributed to the Buddha. A
nonbeliever was reading him the riot act, spewing venom. The Buddha, unruffled,
simply asked him, “What if you gave a banquet in my honor and I didn’t attend?”
Susan
talked about a board game called Settlers of Catan that her family enjoys. It
reveals a lot about the people playing it, and is especially fun when the
players are different ages and types. So actual games actually have a place in yoga,
in the right setting.
The
game the gurus have in mind is epitomized in Patanjali’s definition of yoga as citta vritti nirodha. We talked
about
it in the last class, and when I was preparing for this one I found that some
months back I had inserted another important quote from the Integrated Science,
down in Part II, just waiting for this moment. We need a total and nuanced
understanding of what Patanjali meant, and there it is. Briefly, Patanjali’s
meaning is to restrain only the horizontal tendencies, in order to give more
time and attention to the vertical, which includes things like critical
skepticism and inquiry. The impulses that heighten our interests and refine our
relationship with them. Those that bring focus.
You
may remember that during the Bhana Darsana we talked about the vritti as like the fluttering of bee
wings. Conscious awareness emerges from a unified seed state into a duality
that produces the experience of a world. Subject and object appear
simultaneously as mirror images. Nitya harkens back to it here:
Like the rapid, harmonious, and
efficient fluttering of the wings of a bee, the consciousness of the performer
moves so rapidly from subject to object that one and the same consciousness is
facing itself from two poles, which are recognized as the subject and the
object. This is similar to the conception of Feynman that there is only one
electron which is seemingly countless. This rapid modulation is called vritti.
Being aware of this gives us a lever to reshape our thinking
to be more promoting of happiness. For instance, a forbidding object does not
have to be taken as a hostile attacker. It could be treated as a prod to
learning, or an opportunity to release our grip on ignorance. It might be a cry
for help. Knowing that subject and object are not separate in essence changes
the whole playing field. Each is influenced and shaped by the other. The extra
That Alone excerpt below addresses this idea too.
Yoga
is not just about a wrestling match of the self and the other. If we can retreat
into the underlying unity, the immanence of subject and object lose their hold
over us. We can find “shelter from the storm,” but also more energy for our
vertical, authentic development. The subject-object interplay comprises what we
call the horizontal. Yoga means restraining our outward-directed tendencies
that dissipate our energy, and concentrating it in the vertical, progressive
core. Nitya puts it this way:
The intended game of the yogi is
to effect a total cessation of the consciousness that fluctuates and thereby
automatically creates the subject-object duality between a non-temporal,
non-spatial, non-physical subject and an object spatially located, temporarily
contacted or apprehended, and physically assessed.
Nitya next makes a very important point. We usually observe
the object as an outside factor, not realizing that what we perceive originates
in our sense of being a subjective entity, which is not quite correct. Our
awareness as a subject is projected out and bounces back as our experience of
the object. By reclaiming our role in this game, we can neutralize the
modulation, the vritti, by combining
its two sides yogically. Nitya reveals:
An observation of this phenomenon
can never be fully directed to the observed because the source of its
illumination is in the observer, and the most active intentionality of
perception and conception originates from the self as a vibrant projection of
an image which is received back as a vibrant interjection. Thus one unit of
modulation is completed.
This isn’t easy. Nitya calls it a self-deluding hypnotic
function, and that’s putting it politely. We have been in its grip for our
whole life, so we hardly notice how it pinches. This is why we probably won’t
seek liberation unless we are severely oppressed by some condition. Pain is the
blessing that reminds us we are at sea in an unreal, delusory version of
reality. The Guru invites us to take a close look at what’s going on, and then
bow out of it:
Although this happens as a
self-deluding hypnotic function, the yogi intensifies the thoroughness of
watching the full round of modulation so that that bit of consciousness can be
freed from being identified as subject or as object, as the accompanying
attributes pinned on to the subject as a pain-pleasure complex, or as the
attributes of the object such as visual, auditory, or other properties. The
result is a total transcendence effected there and then even when the flow of
energy does take place. There is no qualitative distinction between the first, second,
or third moments of the transcendence of modulation. This is what Patanjali
calls citta vritti nirodha.
A good part of what makes this difficult is that the impulse
to project comes from the depths of the psyche, from the vasanas and samskaras,
and not from the rational wakeful consciousness. There has to be a serious
intention to resolve the predicament, or it will easily persist. For many
people a worshipful attitude is very helpful, so Nitya includes, “In principle,
the yogi’s successful transcendence
of the same [duality] is performed through an act of absolute devotion, sraddha.”
Karen
offered that she tries to make everything sacred in her life. She very often
finds ways to sanctify the ordinary, and even the less than nice. This led to a
nice session about the miraculousness of all and sundry. Like Whitman’s famous
mouse: “miracle enough to stagger sextillions of infidels.” It’s easy to be
devoted to the miraculous, so why not notice it everywhere?
Ultimately
the effort goes beyond any formula or technique to a direct confrontation and
grappling with the urge to keep generating hot air. We stop the modulations by
turning off the incentive to act at the level of the incipient memories. By the
advanced age of most of the class members we have already done this to some
extent. It isn’t as mystical as it sounds. We already know that many of the
things that used to motivate us are ridiculous or not worth our time, so we
have discarded them. We already have a strong suspicion that our state of mind determines
our happiness, rather than the flow of amusements we can catch. So what if
those addicted to amusements consider us irrelevant? Eventually they may find
the thrill is gone for them, too, and wonder where it went. They would be very
fortunate if they were redirected to some version of the eternal truths that
invite us to find ourselves right within our own being.
The
more contemplative we become, the farther in toward the core we will be
residing. The deeper we get, the more we can prune back our irrelevancies, many
of which are impelled by genetic or socialized vectors that are more like
impediments than high roads to understanding. Nitya concludes by beckoning us
to do just that:
Narayana Guru calls our attention
to deal with the modulation at the deeper level of removing the incentive from
the potential seed of a maturing incipient memory which is about to burst into
the actualization of a conscious act…. Then, instead of entertaining an assumed
false identification, the Self remains established in its truest form because
it is freed of its obligation to fulfill the instinctive wish of a vasana, an incipient memory. Narayana
Guru praises such a reversion of transcendence within immanence itself as yoga,
and he qualifies it as vasananasa,
the reduction of the potential into the impotent.
Our bubbly discussion spontaneously quieted into a
profoundly still meditation—a place where it was easy to cease promoting
vasanas, if only for a few moments. Then everyone was encouraged to take a
slice of stillness home with them.
Part II
Swami
Vidyananda’s commentary:
The correct meaning of the word yoga is the union of the mind, when rid of all
dross of nescience,
with the Self that is consciousness in essence. This is yoga or union. The mind has in it many activities which come
under
nescience, etc. When all such activities have been countered by the means that
have been indicated in the wisdom texts, and when the mind is thus made to
unite with the pure Ultimate Self, such a branch of knowledge is called Yoga.
The radical yuj is used in texts as
meaning samādhi in the expression yuj-samādhau (union in samādhi by Pāõini, the great ancient
grammarian and linguistic authority), and we are, therefore, justified in treating
Yoga and samādhi as pertaining to the
same subject. The saying of Patanjali in one of his opening sutras that Yoga is
the restraint of the mind, as well as the definition of Vālmiki in the Yoga-Vāsishtha which says that Yoga
consists of the act or means of tranquillising the mind, all indicate the same
meaning of Yoga. Because Yoga
mainly consists of restraint of the mind, it is referred to as consisting of
this restraint in general terms. It is not enough, however, that the activities
of the mind should be merely mechanistically restrained (in a unilateral
sense), but it is also to be understood that the mind when restrained should be
constantly joined to the Self that is pure consciousness in essence (cidātmā). What is more, such a union
should also take place so as to justify the name of Yoga properly understood.
* *
*
Nataraja
Guru’s ISOA Vol. II has a very important clarification for us. Speaking of
Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, a foundational text of yoga:
Besides the idea of peace, the most important single
condition for Yoga is mentioned in the second verse of chapter I:
yogas-cittavritti-nirodhah
Yoga is restraining (the outgoing) activities of the mind.
This sutra is meant to define Yoga as a whole. The keyword
is nirodha (to hinder, obstruct or
control). Many people fall into the error of thinking that one must control all
psychic activities, because citta-vritti
means ‘the activity of the mind’. Here a subtle distinction and a clarification
have to be made. Narayana Guru makes this in the first verse of the
Yoga-Darsanam. The verticalized activities of the mind should not be obstructed
but instead must be allowed free scope, with vitarka (criticism) and vichara
(inquiry) as functions. It is the outgoing tendencies or horizontal activities
of the mind that produce dissipation of interest. It is only on the horizontal
level that control is necessary. Mere brute unilateral control is not to be
thought of either. One has to respect the reciprocity of counterparts, whereby
an ascending effort to unite with the higher Self is reciprocally understood as
being met by the descent of the soul, from the opposite pole of the total Yoga
situation. This delicate distinction is also clarified by Narayana Guru in the
Yoga-Darsanam. Yoga is a bilateral and not a unilateral process. (103)
* *
*
That
Alone, verse 13 is an excellent companion read to this verse. Here’s the
excerpt that came to my mind during our conversation. First Nitya introduces
the setup:
“I am the seer; I am the actor; I am the enjoyer.” When all
three of these come together, we are in a single world of interest. A world of
interest remains sometimes for only five seconds, sometimes for two minutes,
sometimes for the whole day, a few days, months, or even years. Its length
varies, but we go from one world of interest to another in a continuous series.
Later he illustrates our fickle relationship with the things
we want to get:
In
spite of what the mind creates and the values presented by the various
qualities, time devours all these things. So the Supreme or the Infinite is
described again by Sankara as the great Lord who crushes all these worlds of
interest in his palm, turning them into ashes. He smears his body with them.
What we see as a great reality is only ashes smeared on the transcendental God.
It is not even skin deep.
The
enjoying self in you has many concepts of attraction, but when you turn to your
inner reality all these seem false. At that point you begin a return. It is a
pilgrimage from unreality to reality, from your sense orientation to the
realization of your most divine center. And when does this take place? Every
day, all the time, whenever our senses are drawn outward to get glued onto
objects, and the great surge of excitement comes. This is the time to hitch it
to the central core of our own divine being, rather than identifying the
excitement with an objective, external situation, as we invariably do. Each
time a pretty thing is attracting you, you become a beggar: haggard,
poverty-stricken, wanting, desiring, stretching your hand, crying for it. You
become miserable. Once you get it, you realize you have wasted a lot of time in
pursuing this trifling thing. Now that it’s yours, you just put it aside.
I
do the same thing sometimes. I wait for the Book-of-the-Month Club to send me
some big book. I get very excited in anticipation of its arrival. But when it
comes, I look at it and say, “Oh beautiful, wonderful! Put it on the shelf.” Do
I read it? No, I don’t have time for it. I have other things to do. And what
happened to that great value, that great excitement? It is transferred to the
next month’s offering. This month’s book is already mine. I can take it from
the shelf any time.
This
happens between people also. Before someone is possessed as a friend, as a
lover, as a wife or husband, many days and nights are spent thinking and
worrying about how to get together with them. So many intrigues and posturings
take place. But when they are finally yours, it can become a stalemate. Often
you feel trapped, unable to extend your sense of adventure to the next person.
Friends are not as easily stuck on a shelf as books.
* *
*
Here’s
the end of verse 59 of That Alone,
about letting the other win:
Henri
Bergson, in his Two Sources of Morality
and Religion, says “When you point your finger at another and denounce him,
you know in your heart of hearts that you are no better.”
When
I first came to my Guru, I had plenty of trouble with people, with my fellow
disciples. Guru called me and said, “I shall give you a secret: allow the other
to be victorious. If somebody fights you, let you be the vanquished and not the
victor.” I found there is nothing more helpful than this, to be vanquished and
not to become victorious. Just say, “You have the upper hand. Let all the glory
be yours. I shall lie in the dust.” It is very difficult, but it works. You don’t
make any claim. You don’t indulge in any feelings of martyrdom. You just give
up.
The
basic truth rests on this: there is only One and not a second. If there is
someone to be punished, it is only you. If there is someone to be corrected, it
is also just you. ‘You’ means ‘me’. In my personal life I correct the other by
correcting myself. I punish the other by punishing myself. I silence the other
by going into silence myself. I bring peace to the other by making myself peaceful.
I bring happiness to the other by making myself happy. It is a very intimate
experience, to work with one’s self. And it is the one place where you can
conveniently work, where your volition, your knowledge and your feeling are all
at hand, at the very source from which the idea ‘I’ comes.
* *
*
In
the book cidatma is defined as cidatma, which isn’t particularly
helpful. The best definition is what Nataraja Guru and Narayana Guru (through
his foil Vidyananda) have penned: the Self that is consciousness in essence.